A1: Yes.
The way I do it: I've created an Action that draws out guidelines <
http://home.comcast.net/~phoz/bbs/Guidelines.atn.zip> which intersect at the center of any size document window. I run that, and where they intersect is dead center. Then, using that point as a reference I can drag out a selection or shape from the center by holding the ALT/Option key.
Alternately, select you Move Tool (V).
Make sure the layer of the object you want to center is highlighted/active in the Layers Palette.
Select All (CTRL + A), putting marching ants around the full size of the document window. Now, looking at the Options Bar you'll see buttons which will align your layer's object with your selection. Clicking on both the Center Horizontally and then Center Vertically buttons will center your layer object in the document window.
A2: Yes. But it can be confusing if your text is created using your circle's path as the paragraph text box. To avoid this, either click OUTSIDE of the circle's path to create your text, or hold the SHIFT key when you initiate text inside the shape. Pay attention to how your Type Tool cursor changes when you hold & release the SHIFT key inside the path, and when you have your cursor outside the path.
OK, then...
Create your text, and commit with the Enter key.
CTRL + Click on the icon for the circle's shape mask in your Layers Palette. This will select just the circle.
Make sure your Text layer is highlighted in the Layers Palette. Choose the Move Tool.
Use the Horizontal & Vertical Alignment buttons in the Options Bar.
That about covers it, but if these instructions are confusing please consult your HELP files for deeper info.