made a 16 Bits per channel image file. When I save this file, the file is uncompressed.
When I convert this same file, in 8 bits and save it, photoshop save the file with RLE Compression. (without changing anything between the two saves).
Correct.
Run Length Encoding is an extremely primitive compression technique that relies on consecutive identical values in order to achieve compression.
16-bit scanned images typically contain noise in the lowest-order bits; a flat expanse of what looks like a solid color typically is not, and will vary by a bit or two in a 16-bit image.
Because RLE compression relies on runs of consecutive identical data, the trivial and unnoticeable variations in 16-bit images prevent RLE from achieving any image compression. RLE-compressed 16-bit images are typically not any smaller than, and may be larger than, uncompressed 16-bit images.
If you need compression, save the image as a TIFF with LZW compression. Be aware, though, that any lossless compression won't work as well on a 16-bit image as on an 8-bit image, for the reasons outlined above.
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